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2007-03-29 04:17:13 read : 3586
µ¿¹æ Á¤±³È¸ °³·Ð
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Daniel B. Clendenin
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SUGGESTIONS FOR A CONTEXTUALIZED WORSHIP SERVICE FOR RUSSIANS
¡¡ I. INTRODUCTION1)
In Russia 50-75 million people believe in the Russian Orthodox Christianity.2) Russian people were ruled by communism about 70 years which systematically preached the atheism against Christianity and persecuted them. But now the Orthodox Christianity is recovering rapidly its members of church. The Orthodox Church have ruled Russian people much more than 1,000 years, and influenced almost every sphere of their life. Russian people have been under the culture of Orthodox Church whether they belong to members of the Orthodox church or not.
The Orthodox faith is similar to that of Protestant. For instances, the doctrine of trinity, resurrection, and the second coming of Christ in common. In general people think the Russian Orthodox Christianity is almost same to the Catholic faith. But actually Orthodox Christianity is quite different from the Protestant and the Catholic.3) Many Korean missionaries do not take seriously these differences. That's why their preaching and worship service are unfamiliar to the eyes of Russian audience. This is resulted from the ignorance about the culture of their own, and that of native people. Besides, they lacked of contextualized mind4) demanded for cross-cultural mission.
II. THREE PRINCIPLES FOR RUSSIAN MISSION
I want to suggest three principles for Russian mission. First, through self-eval!uating process, missionaries should find themselves, how foreign their own culture is to the eyes of native people.5) Most of missionaries may think that they have true faith and preach "the Gospel itself." But they are greatly influenced by their own culture of mother land and their own style of denomination. Native people reject missionaries' preaching not because of its teaching but because of its foreign elements. In order to overcome this problem we must find ourselves on the reflection of the native culture. Of course this process requires prior knowledge in detail about the native culture.
Second, missionaries should discern whether native's culture is acceptable or not in the Biblical point of view. This work is necessary for contextualizing our preaching or worship service. In this work we have to remember that the standard must be always the Bible. The theology and the practice of Protestant is not the "only truth" or the "every truth." It is one of many theologies under historical context. We need very humble attitude when we minister in the cross cultural world, especially in the category of Russian Orthodox Christianity, which has same origin to our faith.
Third, we should put clothes of culture on our Biblical message, and theology. This is the "contextualized" message or contextualized worship service. When the Protestant missionary has worship service in Russia where dominates the Orthodox style of worship service, we should make new missionary style, namely, "the Orthodoxical Protestant worship service." This is quite different from the syncretism. This is a missionary approach to become friendly and communicate their meta cultural message. Paul said his principle for cross cultural mission: To the Jews I became like a Jew, to win the Jews... I have become all things to all men so that by all possible means I might save some."(1Cor. 9:20,22) Like Paul, we should deny our ideas and accept the something that seems unnecessary. But that unnecessary thing is meaningful way of communication and familiar life style to make it more acceptable.
III. SUGGESTIONS FOR CONTEXTUALIZED WORSHIP SERVICE
Now, I want to say some suggestions for contextualized worship service in Russian mission. The reason why I focus on the worship service is that it is very influential to preach the gospel and leading the religious life in mission field. Before I offer some suggestion first, let us examine what kind of worship is foreign to Russian people according to the principle. The Russian priest wear the gorgious holy clothes, and caps comparing with our missionary's simple business suit. The Protestant missionaries seem to be businessmen to the eyes of Russian people. When you enter the worship place in Moscow, you can find the windows and the ceiling
and the 4 walls are filled with very artistic mosaics and frescos. But when you attend the missionary church, you have nothing to
see except for the wooden cross. This is such an unusual way that our church does not look like church to the eyes of Russian
people. The most essential element in the Russian Orthodox worship service is the kissing the icon. Icon is one of the cores of their
life of faith. In the wedding ceremony the fathers of the bride and the bridegroom bless their son and daughter with the icon.6)
In the funeral service the icon lays in front of the procession. In the baptizing ceremony the baptized man receives his name after
the name of the saint whose icon is given to the baptized. For the Russian people it is inconceivable to live a life without the icon.
But it is worthless thing even to consider for the Protestant missionary. Moreover you can hear the sound of bell, see hundreds
of candles, and even smell the incense. Orthodox Church members take the Eucharist every Sunday, while missionary church take
it only one or two in a year. They feel strange if we have worship service without the Eucharist. These foreign elements of missionary
church altogether make our worship service unfamiliar and unacceptable for Russian people. Even if we have very excellent message
and method to teach the Bible, it will not appeal to them. In order to win their soul to God, we'd better make our worship service
more acceptable, and friendly to Russian people.
So according to principle second, we are going to discuss about the contextualization and the theology of mission. The Russian aesthetic Orthodox worship service is theologically intended to come down the heaven on this earth. In other words their worship service is aesthetic efforts to incarnate future kingdom of God in present reality. The Orthodox Church testify the gospel through the aesthetic majesty, while the Protestant Church focus on the proclamation of the words of God. Icon stands for the drawn gospel through which believers get more love and holy desire for our Lord. For the Orthodox doctrine the icon has same worth as the written gospel.7) Mosaics and frescos have the same purpose like icon. The smell of incense stands for the prayer of the Christians, the candles for the light of the world, Christ. But as a matter of fact, in Protestant theology of worship service, the value of icon has been strongly denied. John Calvin said, "The icon can not take the place of the Bible." For him the admiration of the icon produce the idolatry, violating the second commandmant. That's why the sermon that appeals to the intellect of the audience became the most import!ant place in the worship service instead of the Eucahrist in Protestant tradition.
IX. CONCLUSION
Until now, we have shown how different theology the Protestant Church has from the Orthodoxical perspective. However, if we see them in the Biblical point of view, the Orthodox doctrine is not wrong completely, and that of the Protestant is also not right completely. Namely, each doctrine has different point of stress. As Protestant missionaries we should proclaim the words of God as our core ministry, but at the same time, we can use the artistic part of the Russian Orthodox Church. It is surely very helpful to decorate the walls and the windows with Mosaics and the pictures which arise the God-fearing mind for the native attendants who are accustomed with icon culture. If our missionaries deliver the touching message in the artistic and majestic church, native Russians may easily accept the message without any revolt. Moreover I offer for missionaries to try to light up the candles. If possible, it will be better to have Eucharist more often, for instance, once in a month wear the beautiful holy clothes. No doubt our missionaries will respect the majestic God-fearing atmosphere of Russian style worship service, but we should teach them joy and thankfulnes of hearing the message and meeting with God during the worship service. This suggest is for the "Russian style Protestant worship service for missionary church." In some points my suggestion may look ideal, but I think we need, at least, some contextualized mind for the development of our mission strategy whether we apply or not in our mission field at present.
? Notes
1) Some one may raise a question that it is possible for those who does not live in the context to do the theology of contextualization. But I agree with Chung Hung Ho who said, "Anyone who has deep concern for the context is able to contribute to the development of the theology of contextualization." Quoted by Chung Hung Ho, Contextual Theology: An Evangelical Perspective, (Seoul: Logos, 1996), 30.
2) The definition of Contextualization: "The attempt to communicate the message of the Bible in a way that is faithful to God's revelation, and that is meaningful to respondents in their respective cultural and existential contexts." Quoted by David J. Hesselgrave and Edward Rommen, Contextualization:meanings, Methods, and Models, (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1989), 200.
3) Paul G. Hiebert, Anthropological Insights for Missionaries, Translated by Eunsoo Chae. (Seoul: The Presbyterian General Assembly Theological Seminary Press, 1993): 65.
4) Daniel B. Clendenin, Eastern Orthodox Chistian, (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1994), 132.
5) Ibd.., 133.
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